《风味人间4·谷物星球》：探讨谷物世界里的生活美学******
作者：郑小异（西安交通大学城市学院艺术系讲师）
近日，《风味人间4·谷物星球》热播，吸引众多观众追看。与前三季相比，谷物成为贯穿本季的主角，“麦浪涌万年”“稻香阡陌里”“黍粟本嘉禾”等六集内容拓宽了人们对谷物的理解。麦子、稻米、玉米等家常作物，与谷物息息相关的食物如芋头、茭白、菱角，以及能够为人类提供碳水化合物的多种植物悉数亮相，书写了一段在时间长河中与人类互动的影像故事。
这部作品结合纵深的历史视野和宽广的文化视野，将谷物的发展历程娓娓道来。比如在“麦浪涌万年”一集中，创作者着重讲述“麦”的发展历程。镜头首先抵达约旦河西岸一片肥沃的土地，造访人类最早驯化小麦的地方。然后又带观众来到戈兰高地，了解今天小麦的远祖野生二粒小麦的特点。而在“稻香阡陌里”一集探寻“稻”的历史时，创作者从亚洲说到了美洲，又说到了欧洲，详细梳理着稻米的前世今生。
作为农耕文明古国，中国人对谷物的情感，早已浑然天成、深入骨髓，世界各国人民与谷物之间亦有一种载入基因的情感与默契。《风味人间4·谷物星球》以谷物美食作为破题点，在探寻中外丰富美食文化中，观照美食背后所共通的人类情感。在讲述“豆”的故事时，纪录片里既有我国西藏地区的人们经年累月与榼藤子相处的故事，也有远在中美洲墨西哥尤卡坦州的米格尔采用利马豆、豇豆制作美食，为全家人提供爱与滋养的故事。在讲述“麦”的故事中，澳门的阿龙坚持利用传统制面方式，3000余次重复的“下压、移动、再下压”让竹升面初具雏形。浙江富阳人则剥离面粉中的淀粉制成面筋，包裹馅料油炸，一时间香气四溢。还有广东人选择被称为“澄面”的无筋面粉制作美食，方有了绿茵兔仔饺的玲珑剔透。无论从哪一种作物出发，纪录片都让观众从小小的风味世界中感受大大的人类世界运转，透过这些故事窥见农业诞生至今的一万年中人类与食物之间的故事。
尽管相隔万里，人们对谷物的热爱让不同民族和饮食文化有了情感连接点。正如《风味人间》系列纪录片导演陈晓卿所说：“不是我们赋予食物文化，而是食物本身就自带着文化，人们的许多生活印记都可以从食物中得到答案。比如小麦，往西传，遇到了火变成了比萨面包；往东传，遇到了水变成了馒头面条。东西方文化的差异，可能就和小麦的不同境遇有很大关系。可以说，食物就是人类文化的支点。”所以，探讨饮食文化与民风民俗如何相互形塑，也是该纪录片的重要议题。如第二集“稻香阡陌里”中，从祭祀活动上一碗乌米饭之于郑良美家的寓意，到黔西南一个村镇规模的集市里米粉所承载的情感，在抓饭、红曲米等由稻米制成的不同食物之外，纪录片围绕大大小小民俗节日呈现着食物与人的日常互动，把四季轮回浓缩在一碗饭、一碗粉乃至一瓶醋中，让人观之回味无穷。
随着谷物的种植、采收、加工、烹饪、品尝，观众看到了生活哲学、食物美学，感受到了人间烟火和文化律动，获得了心灵慰藉和情感疏导。《风味人间4·谷物星球》不失为纪录片领域又一精良制作，为美食纪录片创新发展提供了有益借鉴。
《光明日报》（ 2023年01月04日 15版）
中新网评：美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后，美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕，众议院共和党领袖凯文•麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录，将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图：美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀 摄由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素，众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中，美国民主党议员继续抱团，多轮投票中，一票不投麦卡锡，共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折，除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外，与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面，共和党党内反对者认为，麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱，无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府，另一方面，因为共和党的多数优势微弱，党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大，有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外，党内反对者也认为，自己的选票没有换取更多利益，希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步，比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物，众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任，选举几乎没有悬念。然而，麦卡锡此次为当选，不得不做出多个关键让步，其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制，使得众议长的权力被削弱，难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称，麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步，这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下，党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上，美国两党相互拆台，陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内，也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系，相互对抗，选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举，“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈，长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力，其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病，美国所谓的“民主”形象，让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举，变成了政客们利益置换的游戏，进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能，不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
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